Process Equipment Design: Fundamentals and Applications

A: 0.000035 m²·K/W is the boundary most vendors default to for treated tower water when velocities stay above about 1 m/s. Below that, fouling accelerates; above it, erosion becomes the limit. The other values either drop fouling without evidence, double-count conservatism, or misapply it by side.

A: 5–10 kPa across a startup strainer is the tripwire here. Anything higher risks cavitation on first rotation. Rotation checks and logic proofs matter, but a blocked suction will damage the pump before those errors show up.

A: A doubling of ΔP with falling U points to flow area loss. Internal bypass from gasket creep usually drops ΔP while losing duty. Deformation and maldistribution show up earlier and often during startup, not gradually.

A: 0.85 is the threshold engineers miss. Effective ΔT is F×LMTD, not the inverse. Using 42 K oversizes duty; dividing by F understates area and fails performance.