Introduction to Ship Building Piping

A: Cu-Ni limits MIC and general seawater corrosion under low velocity and stagnant conditions; epoxy-coated carbon steel fails at holidays during idle time, 316L suffers pitting in chlorides even at ambient temperature, and galvanizing dissolves rapidly in continuously immersed seawater.

A: Heating reduces viscosity and frictional losses, improving valve control; density effects don't dominate here, Reynolds number actually rises not falls, and vapor lock isn't driven by moderate HFO heating at service tank pressures.

A: Poor venting traps air at high points during idle periods; impeller wear wouldn't self-recover after venting, check valve flutter doesn't create persistent air pockets, and strainer fouling causes sustained loss not intermittent prime loss.

A: Epoxy-lined carbon steel addresses condensate-driven corrosion; aluminum suffers pitting and fatigue issues, 316L is overkill and still vulnerable to crevice attack at drains, and bare steel relies on maintenance that rarely matches reality.