Introduction to Solar Energy and Semiconductor Physics in Solar Cell

A: The tell is the load-dependent sag: cracked fingers push Rs up enough that fill factor collapses even when irradiance is steady, whereas temperature mainly shifts Voc by ~2 mV/°C per cell and doesn't crater power that hard.

A: That 1.12 eV number matters: it keeps thermal generation manageable while still absorbing much of the spectrum, something Ge fails at once temperature and leakage current climb.

A: Crossing the ~10^18 cm⁻³ range shrinks the depletion region enough that recombination rises faster than any Rs benefit, and Voc takes the hit.

A: Reverse-biased cells dissipate power internally; that localized heating accelerates degradation, unlike uniform effects that spread losses evenly.