This course provides a foundational yet in-depth understanding of the physical processes governing Earth’s climate system, the causes of climate variability across different time scales, and the methods used to observe and monitor climate change. It integrates concepts from atmospheric science, oceanography, hydrology, and Earth system science to explain how energy, moisture, and momentum are exchanged within the climate system.
The course begins with the Earth’s energy balance, radiative forcing, and the role of greenhouse gases. Learners study the structure and dynamics of the atmosphere and oceans, large-scale circulation patterns, and feedback mechanisms that regulate climate. Emphasis is placed on understanding natural climate variability, including phenomena such as monsoons, El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and decadal oscillations, as well as anthropogenic influences on climate change.
A significant component of the course focuses on climate monitoring techniques, including in-situ observations, satellite remote sensing, climate indices, and reanalysis datasets. Learners are introduced to climate data analysis, trend detection, and uncertainty assessment, enabling them to interpret observed climate signals and evaluate long-term changes.
By the end of the course, learners gain the ability to understand climate processes, assess variability and change, and interpret climate observations for scientific, engineering, and policy-related applications.
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