Basics of Piping Engineering/Plant layout

A: Option A describes a time-to-failure issue rather than a protection gap; option B addresses a mechanical integrity mechanism unrelated to fire; option C is a materials degradation mode not affected by fireproofing; option D reflects that passive fireproofing is ineffective against focused jet flames on uncoated attachments.

A: Option A mixes absolute and gauge bases and lands on the right number for the wrong reason; option B increases allowable pressure as temperature rises, reversing material behavior; option C double-counts conservatism by derating the wrong pressure basis; option D correctly applies the temperature factor to the gauge MAWP.

A: Option A would change stress but not create directional bowing; option B would give transient loads tied to flow rather than steady displacement; option C would bias stress but still allow movement; option D explains restrained expansion, rising anchor loads, and visible bowing.

A: Option A ignores that damage mechanisms may change with pressure and temperature; option B ties integrity to nameplate history rather than current conditions; option C requires formal RBI adoption and doesn't negate code intent; option D aligns inspection planning with the updated operating envelope.

A: Option A understates velocity by assuming a denser phase; option B lands high due to unit conversion error; option C invents a derating not in the correlation; option D follows the RP 14E form with correct units.

A: Option A would relieve pressure rather than build it; option B affects instrumentation but not containment; option C reflects trapped-volume expansion overpowering pipe strength; option D misreads isolation as protection when it removes relief.

A: Option A would show suction pressure fluctuations and noise; option B would vary with temperature cycles rather than being constant; option C would fail chemically without high casing strain; option D explains persistent seal distress tied to piping weight and geometry.

A: Option A assumes legacy design was adequate despite unknown corrosion; option B ignores the stress redistribution at the branch; option C can't validate local membrane stress margins; option D reflects the area-replacement concept behind reinforcement rules.

A: Option A would lead to excessive sag and stress under liquid load; option B is overly conservative and drives unnecessary steel; option C ignores nonlinear scaling of stiffness with diameter; option D matches common practice balancing deflection and support count.